John Mearsheimer: The Empire of Paper and the Kingdom of Steel

If you had told me years ago that we would live to witness the undisputed heavyweight champion of military alliances, NATO, standing by—essentially paralyzed—while its primary adversary carved out an entirely new theater of operations right under its nose, I wouldn’t have believed you. Yet, that is precisely the reality we are waking up to today.

Russia has effectively opened a new front. But let’s be clear about where this is happening. We aren’t talking about another offensive in Ukraine. It’s not a flare-up in the Baltics. Nor is it a standoff in the Arctic, which is where the entire Western defense establishment has been fixated for years. No—this move is different. It is strategic. It is asymmetric. And frankly, it is a masterclass in misdirection.

Despite NATO’s vast intelligence network, despite forward operating bases, and despite decades of war-gaming for every possible scenario, the alliance was caught completely flat-footed.

And here is the critical takeaway you need to understand: do not mistake this for simple military tactics. This goes far beyond troop surges or missile silos. What we are witnessing is a fundamental realignment of the international power structure itself. The very tectonic plates of the global order are shifting beneath our feet, and the West is just beginning to feel the tremors.

We need to be crystal clear about the gravity of this moment. For the first time since the Iron Curtain fell, Russia has managed to flip the script—backing NATO into a defensive crouch in a region the alliance assumed was firmly under its thumb: the Caucasus.

This is the vital artery connecting Moscow directly to Tehran—a land bridge that allows them to circumvent choke points controlled by the West. We aren’t just talking about lines on a map here. Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan—these nations are the geopolitical pivot points upon which the connectivity of Eurasia turns. And while NATO’s eyes were fixed elsewhere, Russia moved in and seized the keys to the gate.

Brussels immediately went into crisis mode. We saw emergency summits, secure calls between world leaders, and a flurry of formal protests. But when you strip away the diplomatic noise, you are left with a cold reality: NATO is effectively out of moves. It has no good options left.

Why? Because the West bet the house on a fatal assumption. We convinced ourselves that economic exile—severing ties to Western finance, weaponizing the reserve currency, and cutting off access to SWIFT—would bring Moscow to its knees. But that strategy backfired spectacularly. Instead of capitulating, Russia constructed a parallel architecture. They built new supply chains, forged new alliances, and developed independent financial systems. And here is the kicker: those systems are now fully online and functioning.

This has nothing to do with ethics or morality. It is simply the cold, hard logic of survival.

Here is the root of the paralysis. NATO was architected for a singular historical mission: stopping Soviet tanks from rolling into Western Europe. The entire alliance is predicated on a simple linear equation: an attack on one is an attack on all. But that logic relies on geographic clarity. It works when you can draw a red line on a map and say, “Here is the wall.”

But what happens when the threat isn’t a frontal assault? What happens when your adversary isn’t seizing your territory, but is instead quietly cornering the market on influence in the regions you overlooked? This is NATO’s fatal design flaw. We are trying to use a twentieth-century hammer to solve a twenty-first-century geopolitical puzzle.

And make no mistake: Russia has memorized the rule book. Moscow has no intention of invading a NATO member or triggering Article Five. Putin knows that would be a suicide pact, and he is not looking to self-destruct.

Instead, he is executing a far more sophisticated strategy—establishing strategic depth in the gray zones where NATO cannot easily project force. The Caucasus is the perfect example.

Consider Turkey’s position. Yes, they are a NATO ally, but look at the map. Their interests are far more entangled with Azerbaijan than with Brussels. They rely on Russian trade. They run on Russian natural gas. If Moscow expands its footprint in the Caucasus, is Ankara going to invoke collective defense? Are they going to declare war on a partner that supplies a huge share of their energy needs? Of course not.

And that right there is the trap. Collective defense serves no purpose if the members cannot agree on what constitutes a threat. Russia has identified the seams in the alliance—the exact points where geography, economics, and national history split the coalition apart. And now they are tearing at those seams with surgical precision.

This is where the story takes a truly ironic turn. The fragility we are seeing right now wasn’t imposed from the outside. It was manufactured by NATO itself.

When the Cold War ended, the alliance didn’t pack up. It pushed forward. It absorbed the old Warsaw Pact nations, expanding its footprint until it was sitting right on Russia’s front porch. On paper, the logic seemed sound: lock in the Western victory, export democracy, and secure the new world order.

But there was a hidden cost. Every new flag raised at headquarters represented a new security guarantee, a new border to patrol, and a new liability on the books. And this leads us to the fatal flaw: overextension.

The further east NATO marched, the thinner its resources became. Real strategy is the art of exclusion. It’s about knowing what you cannot do as much as what you can. It is about brutal prioritization. But somewhere along the line, NATO stopped making those hard choices. It chose expansion over solvability—never stopping to ask the one question that mattered most: do we actually have the capacity to defend all of this territory?

If push comes to shove, the verdict is finally in. The alliance isn’t just busy. It is dangerously overstretched.

We have assets deployed across Eastern Europe. We are funneling hardware into Ukraine. We are nervously watching the Arctic. And simultaneously, the United States is pressuring Europe to look east toward China. Then, right in the middle of this logistical nightmare, Russia opens a new front in the Caucasus.

And here is the uncomfortable question: how do you hit back?

You can’t deploy boots on the ground. Neither Georgia nor Armenia carries a NATO membership card. You can’t turn the economic screws any tighter. The sanctions regime has already been pushed to its limits. And you certainly can’t escalate militarily without inviting a direct conflict that risks a nuclear exchange.

So what is left?

You draft strong press releases. You hold frantic emergency summits. You express deep concern. And while you are doing that, Russia just keeps advancing.

This is the ultimate irony of our current position. The very instruments that constructed Western dominance—territorial expansion, economic warfare, the threat of isolation—have mutated into constraints. We expanded so far that the perimeter became indefensible. We sanctioned so aggressively that we burned through our escalation ladder. The very tools used to build the empire are now the shackles binding its hands.

Let’s peel back the layers on what Moscow is actually executing here.

This isn’t a traditional conquest. Russia isn’t trying to annex the Caucasus. They don’t need to own the land. They need to own the flow. They are constructing a massive north–south artery that links Russia directly to Iran, India, and the Persian Gulf—bypassing Europe entirely. This is a game of logistics, energy, and trade.

Look at the map of Eurasia. For generations, the West has held the keys to major choke points. If you wanted to move product from Asia to the West, you had to pass through our gates. That geography gave us immense leverage.

But ask yourself: what happens to that leverage when the trade route changes direction? What happens when Russia, Iran, and India build a corridor that flows north–south instead of east–west? That Western leverage evaporates.

And this isn’t science fiction. It’s called the International North–South Transport Corridor. The concrete is being poured, the contracts are inked, and the capital is moving.

Here is the problem for Brussels and Washington: NATO cannot stop this. There is no invading army to repel. No border incursion to defend against. This is economic warfare—and the West has no doctrine for it. NATO was engineered to stop tanks on the plains of Europe. It has no idea how to stop freight trains in the Caucasus.

And that leads to the deeper, more unsettling reality. Russia doesn’t need to defeat NATO in a shooting war. They just need to render NATO irrelevant.

If Moscow can successfully build a parallel global economy—new trade routes, independent financial systems, separate energy markets—then what exactly is our military protecting? You can own the most advanced aircraft carriers on Earth, but if the global economy reorganizes around infrastructure you don’t control, your power is hollow.

History tells us that great powers rarely collapse because they lose a battle. They collapse when the fundamental structure of the world turns against them. And right now, the structure is turning.

We need to widen the aperture. What is unfolding in the Caucasus isn’t a glitch. It’s a feature of a much larger global realignment.

Across the board, parallel systems are coming online. Look at the expansion of BRICS. It’s not just an acronym anymore. It’s a powerhouse absorbing major players across the global south. Crucially, these nations aren’t forging a military pact to fight the West. They are building a parallel economic operating system—alternatives to the IMF, the World Bank, and the almighty dollar.

So why the rush to the exit?

Because the West turned the global financial system into a loaded gun. When Washington froze Russia’s sovereign reserves after the Ukraine invasion, a shockwave went through global capitals. The message was unmistakable: your assets are safe in Western banks right up until the moment we decide you’re the enemy. When SWIFT was weaponized, it effectively told the world: we hold the kill switch to your economy.

Every sovereign nation started running the same calculus: what if we are next? What if our national interests collide with Washington’s?

So they began hedging their bets. They aren’t building these lifeboats because they hate the West. They’re doing it because they fear dependence. It’s not ideology. It’s risk management.

And here is the thing about infrastructure: once you build it, you use it. Even if the geopolitical temperature cools down, these new rails remain. We are seeing trade settled in alternative currencies. We are seeing major energy exporters openly discuss pricing outside the dollar. These aren’t just diplomatic snubs. They are structural fractures in the foundation of Western leverage.

The Caucasus corridor is just one artery in this new body. It links Russia to Iran, Iran to India, and India to the global south. We are watching the brick-by-brick construction of a Eurasian super-economy that functions independently of New York or London.

And frankly, NATO is powerless to stop it. You can’t airstrike a trade agreement. You can’t enforce a no-fly zone over a wire transfer. NATO deals in kinetic warfare. But the world is reorganizing around economic gravity. And for that, the alliance has no answer.

I want to introduce a framework that explains exactly what we are seeing. It’s called imperial liquidation.

Do not confuse this with collapse. Collapse is a car crash—sudden, violent, chaotic. Liquidation is different. It is a slow, managed decline. It is the quiet realization that the rent is too high, the bills are piling up, and you simply cannot afford to run the world anymore. You have to downsize.

History gives us the perfect case study: the British Empire after the Second World War. Britain didn’t lose the war. They were on the winning podium. But the victory bankrupted them. The cost of maintaining the empire exceeded the benefits. They were exhausted. They couldn’t project power into every corner of the globe anymore. So they voluntarily handed the keys of leadership over to the United States.

That is liquidation.

And that is precisely where the Western-led order stands today. The United States isn’t losing battles. NATO isn’t waving a white flag. But the business model of hegemony is broken. The overhead is unsustainable. Our primary levers of power—the dollar, the sanctions regime, and military commitments—are suffering from diminishing returns. And our rivals are capitalizing on that fatigue.

Russia’s move in the Caucasus is a stress test for this exact condition. Moscow is probing the periphery, asking a simple question: does the West still have the bandwidth, the money, and the political will to fight for the edges?

The answer appears to be no.

We can hold the line in parts of Europe. We can likely secure the most exposed NATO members—albeit at enormous cost. But the Caucasus, Central Asia, the Middle East—those regions are drifting out of our orbit. This isn’t happening because we were defeated in war. It’s happening because of strategic exhaustion. We are being forced to triage: to decide what we can actually save, and what we have to cut loose.

This is what liquidation looks like in real time.

But here is the nuance most people miss: liquidation is not extinction.

Post-empire Britain didn’t vanish. It remained a nuclear power, a permanent member of the UN Security Council, a major diplomatic player—but it stopped being the hegemon. It stopped writing the rules for the rest of the planet.

That is the future staring the West in the face. Not an apocalypse. Not total defeat. But a demotion.

We are entering a reality where Washington and Brussels are no longer the only voices that matter. We are moving into a world where critical decisions are brokered in Beijing, Moscow, New Delhi, and Riyadh. We are entering an era where the West will have to learn a new skill: negotiating rather than dictating.

In my view, what we are seeing in the Caucasus serves as a definitive reality check. This isn’t just about a remote geopolitical maneuver by Moscow. It marks the closing chapter of the unipolar moment.

For decades, the West operated on the assumption that it could dictate the rules of the global road. But by weaponizing finance and overextending strategic commitments, we have inadvertently incentivized the rest of the world to build their own roads. We are transitioning from an era of unquestioned dominance to an era of necessary negotiation.

The key takeaway is that global stability is no longer about forcing alignment. It’s about acknowledging complexity. The world isn’t collapsing—but it is fundamentally reorganizing.